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Beginner

AI Foundations for Beginners

Build a clear mental model of modern AI, from tokens and attention to training, hallucinations and context windows.

  1. Step 1

    How Large Language Models Actually Work: Tokens, Embeddings and Attention Explained

    Start with tokens, embeddings and attention—the core ideas behind modern language models.

  2. Step 2

    Transformers vs RNNs: Why Attention Changed Machine Learning

    Understand why attention replaced older sequence models for many language tasks.

  3. Step 3

    Pre-training, Fine-tuning and RLHF: How Chatbots Are Trained

    Follow the journey from pre-training through fine-tuning and human feedback.

  4. Step 4

    What Is a Context Window and Why It Limits What AI Can Do

    Learn what a model can keep in view and why long conversations lose information.

  5. Step 5

    Why AI Hallucinates: Causes, Types and How to Reduce Them

    Recognise common failure modes and learn practical ways to reduce unsupported answers.

  6. Step 6

    Temperature, Top-p and Sampling: How AI Chooses Its Next Word

    See how temperature and sampling settings change consistency and creativity.