Beginner
AI Foundations for Beginners
Build a clear mental model of modern AI, from tokens and attention to training, hallucinations and context windows.
Step 1
How Large Language Models Actually Work: Tokens, Embeddings and Attention Explained
Start with tokens, embeddings and attention—the core ideas behind modern language models.
Step 2
Transformers vs RNNs: Why Attention Changed Machine Learning
Understand why attention replaced older sequence models for many language tasks.
Step 3
Pre-training, Fine-tuning and RLHF: How Chatbots Are Trained
Follow the journey from pre-training through fine-tuning and human feedback.
Step 4
What Is a Context Window and Why It Limits What AI Can Do
Learn what a model can keep in view and why long conversations lose information.
Step 5
Why AI Hallucinates: Causes, Types and How to Reduce Them
Recognise common failure modes and learn practical ways to reduce unsupported answers.
Step 6
Temperature, Top-p and Sampling: How AI Chooses Its Next Word
See how temperature and sampling settings change consistency and creativity.